What is catlytic converter?

A catalytic converter is a device that helps to turn toxic byproducts found in an engine into less toxic substances through the use of chemical reactions. As a car runs, the catalytic converter turns pollutants into less harmful substances before they leave a vehicle through the exhaust pipe. This can help to clean up the air significantly!

Application

While they are found in standard automobiles, they are also in many other machines. This includes buses, trucks, motorcycles, and forklifts, just to name a few. Think of all the vehicles that exist and how much pollution they cause. To combat the pollution, many machines utilize catalytic converters.

Working principle

The catalytic converter's construction is as follows:

1. The catalyst support or substrate. For automotive catalytic converters, the core is usually a ceramic monolith that has a honeycomb structure (commonly square, not hexagonal).
2. The washcoat. A washcoat is a carrier for the catalytic materials and is used to disperse the materials over a large surface area. Aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, or a mixture of silica and alumina can be used. The catalytic materials are suspended in the washcoat prior to applying to the core. Washcoat materials are selected to form a rough, irregular surface, which greatly increases the surface area compared to the smooth surface of the bare substrate. This in turn maximizes the catalytically active surface available to react with the engine exhaust. The coat must retain its surface area and prevent sintering of the catalytic metal particles even at high temperatures (1000 °C).
3. Ceria or ceria-zirconia. These oxides are mainly added as oxygen storage promoters.
4. The catalyst itself is most often a mix of precious metals, mostly from the platinum group. Platinum is the most active catalyst and is widely used, but is not suitable for all applications because of unwanted additional reactions and high cost. Palladium and rhodium are two other precious metals used. Rhodium is used as a reduction catalyst, palladium is used as an oxidation catalyst, and platinum is used both for reduction and oxidation.

Upon failure, a catalytic converter can be recycled into scrap. The precious metals inside the converter, including platinum, palladium, and rhodium, are extracted.

Packaging and delivery

Related products

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